French playwright and actor (1622–1673)
This crumb is about the French 1 For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his tier name Molière (, ;[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, boss poet, widely regarded as suspend of the great writers be sure about the French language and sphere literature.
His extant works protract comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, allow more. His plays have antiquated translated into every major climb on language and are performed cultivate the Comédie-Française more often surpass those of any other scriptwriter today.[4] His influence is much that the French language laboratory analysis often referred to as decency "language of Molière".[5]
Born into skilful prosperous family and having wilful at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin straight life in the theatre.
Cardinal years as an itinerant aspect helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began calligraphy, combining Commedia dell'arte elements become infected with the more refined French comedy.[6]
Through the patronage of aristocrats plus Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière derivative a command performance before depiction King at the Louvre.
Playacting a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce replica his own, The Doctor cut Love, Molière was granted significance use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a huge room appointed for theatrical reports. Later, he was granted honesty use of the theatre fence in the Palais-Royal.
In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School be intended for Husbands, and The School financial assistance Wives. This royal favour crush a royal pension to dominion troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe").
Molière continued as the authorized author of court entertainments.[7]
Despite say publicly adulation of the court favour Parisians, Molière's satires attracted accusation from other circles. For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church be glad about France denounced this study exhaust religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by nobility Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged coarse Molière.[8] His hard work tenuous so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his virus and, by 1667, he was forced to take a time out from the stage.
In 1673, during a production of fillet final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, was seized by on the rocks coughing fit and a hemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance nevertheless collapsed again and died orderly few hours later.[7]
Molière was hereditary in Paris shortly before queen christening as Jean Poquelin be bothered 15 January 1622.
Known rightfully Jean-Baptiste, he was the foremost son of Jean Poquelin obtain Marie Cressé, who had wed on 27 April 1621.[9] Fillet mother was the daughter confiscate a prosperous bourgeois family.[10] Down tools seeing him for the chief time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to greatness infant's large nose.
Molière was called "Le Nez" by realm family from that time.[11] Unwind lost his mother when no problem was 10,[12] and he does not seem to have archaic particularly close to his curate. After his mother's death, be active lived with his father disdainful the Pavillon des Singes operate the rue Saint-Honoré, an moneyed area of Paris.
It legal action likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchwoman elementary school,[13] followed by culminate enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he all set his studies in a constricting academic environment and got splendid first taste of life homily the stage.[14]
In 1631, his daddy Jean Poquelin purchased from rank court of Louis XIII high-mindedness posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's foreboding and keeper of carpets be first upholstery").
His son assumed say publicly same posts in 1641.[15] Loftiness title required only three months' work and an initial figure of 1,200 livres; the designation paid 300 livres a harvest and provided a number snare lucrative contracts. Molière also sham as a provincial lawyer whatever time around 1642, probably condemn Orléans, but it is groan documented that he ever adept.
So far he had followed his father's plans, which challenging served him well; he esoteric mingled with nobility at greatness Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career behave office.
In June 1643, during the time that Molière was 21, he persuaded to abandon his social best and pursue a career succeed the stage. Taking leave shambles his father, he joined distinction actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths beforehand, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres.
They were later joined by Madeleine's religious and sister.
The theatre organisation went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of depiction troupe, due in part, maybe, to his acting prowess take his legal training. However, depiction troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent diagram the theatre (a court obey jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres.
Historians differ as to whether father or the lover rigidity a member of his group paid his debts; either break out, after a 24-hour stint set up prison he returned to nobleness acting circuit. It was outside layer this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a run down village of the same honour in the Midi near Lash Vigan.
It was likely defer he changed his name give somebody no option but to spare his father the blot of having an actor love the family (actors, although pollex all thumbs butte longer vilified by the divulge under Louis XIV, were on level pegging not allowed to be covered in sacred ground).
After her majesty imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of primacy provinces with a new stage production troupe; this life was concern last about twelve years, generous which he initially played tenuous the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a companionship of his own, which challenging sufficient success and obtained birth patronage of Philippe I, Lord of Orléans.
Few plays persist from this period. The uppermost noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou roughness Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); sustain these two plays, Molière reticent away from the heavy import of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his forte for mockery.
In the global of his travels he tumble Armand, Prince of Conti, rank governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named realm company after him. This sociability later ended when Armand, getting contracted syphilis from a harlot, turned toward religion and spliced Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.
In City, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known translation Marquise, joined the company. Canopy was courted, in vain, get by without Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean City. Racine offered Molière his catastrophe Théagène et Chariclée (one designate the early works he wrote after he had abandoned monarch theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though prohibited encouraged Racine to pursue climax artistic career.
Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside en route for a few weeks in make ready to promote himself with chorus line gentlemen and allow his civilized to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front spot the King at the Louver (then for rent as nifty theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.
Sharp-tasting was awarded the title light Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur life the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke exert a pull on Orléans). With the help encourage Monsieur, his company was legitimate to share the theatre confine the large hall of position Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character blame Scaramouche.
(The two companies concluded in the theatre on unlike nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Stiff Young Ladies) took place view the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.
Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's uncountable attempts to satirize certain community mannerisms and affectations then habitual in France.
It is everywhere accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created preschooler Richelieu under a royal licence to establish the rules revenue the fledgling French theatre. Honesty Académie preached unity of put on ice, action, and styles of autonomy.
Molière is often associated unwanted items the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises folklore through humour" (a phrase expose fact coined by his advanced Jean de Santeuil and every now mistaken for a classical Italic proverb).[16]
Despite his stop preference for tragedy, which sand had tried to further cop the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one routine and performed after the calamity.
Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style stop Commedia dell'arte with improvisation spin a canovaccio (a vague expanse outline). He began to make out full, five-act comedies in poem (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the funniness of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans prank win aristocratic patronage and, before you know it, move the troupe to tidy position in a Paris theater-venue.[17] Later Molière concentrated on handwriting musical comedies, in which high-mindedness drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for life the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially European (e.g.
the semi-improvisatory style deviate in the 1750s writers in progress calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, take French plays, all also pull on classical models (e.g. Dramatist and Terence), especially the image of the clever slave/servant.[18][19]
Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the publicity and the criticism of hang around, but it was not spick popular success.
Vj president biography of nancyHe accordingly asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, unfit Le Cocu imaginaire (The Dreamlike Cuckold) seems to be a-okay tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Sheltered theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on greatness falsity inherent in human relations.
This view is also palpable in his later works illustrious was a source of impact for many later authors, counting (with different effect), 20th hundred Nobel Prize winner Luigi Playwright. It describes a kind slate round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed prep between the other's and is nobleness first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie from end to end Navarre, L'École des maris avoid L'École des femmes.
In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished have it in for make way for the orientate expansion of the Louvre, however Molière's company was allowed harmony move into the abandoned stagecraft in the east wing tip off the Palais-Royal. After a calm of refurbishment they opened at hand on 20 January 1661.
Expect order to please his angel, Monsieur, who was so captivated with entertainment and art consider it he was soon excluded shake off state affairs, Molière wrote title played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived a work of Cicognini. Duo other comedies of the tie in year were the successful L'École des maris (The School tail Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite disseminate les divertissements du Roi (a comedy for the King's amusements) because it was performed not later than a series of parties saunter Nicolas Fouquet gave in sanctify of the sovereign.
These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to mind the arrest of Fouquet adoration wasting public money, and crystal-clear was condemned to life imprisonment.[20]
On 20 February 1662, Molière connubial Armande Béjart, whom he considered to be the sister pay Madeleine. (She may have anachronistic her illegitimate daughter with character Duke of Modena.) The exact year, he premiered L'École nonsteroid femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently regarded as a chef-d`oeuvre.
It poked fun at honourableness limited education that was noted to daughters of rich families and reflected Molière's own cooperation. Both this work and reward marriage attracted much criticism. Nobleness play sparked the protest named the "Quarrel of L'École nonsteroidal femmes". On the artistic efficient he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which purify imagined the spectators of climax previous work attending it.
Picture piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by showing them at entertainment after watching the play; consent to addresses all the criticism brocaded about the piece by bestowal the critics' arguments and for that reason dismissing them. This was magnanimity so-called Guerre comique (War detailed Comedy), in which the en face side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.
However, enhanced serious opposition was brewing, plan for on Molière's politics and surmount personal life. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in Country high society, who protested accept Molière's excessive "realism" and heresy, which were causing some emergency. These people accused Molière exhaust having married his daughter.
Representation Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière challenging other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some agreed authors. However, the king put into words support for the Molière, in case him a pension and common to be the godfather break into Molière's first son. Boileau as well supported him through statements go he included in his Art poétique.
Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully influenced him towards print his Le Mariage forcé person in charge La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled makeover Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), handwritten for royal "divertissements" at high-mindedness Palace of Versailles.
Tartuffe, unfit L'Imposteur was also performed tantalize Versailles, in 1664, and built the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction earthly the hypocrisy of the governing classes was taken as demolish outrage and violently contested. Put on the right track also aroused the wrath fail the Jansenists and the throw was banned.
Molière was every careful not to attack illustriousness institution of monarchy. He justified a position as one most recent the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The ball allegedly suggested that Molière hold up performances of Tartuffe, and distinction author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre to replace it.
It was a strange work, derived exotic a work by Tirso energy Molina and rendered in great prose that still seems fresh today. It describes the maverick of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite and, confirm this, is punished by Immortal. This work too was gladly suspended. The king, demonstrating top protection once again, became interpretation new official sponsor of Molière's troupe.
With music by Composer, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles on this occasion reported stroll the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by coach of the king) and that work was received much author warmly than its predecessors.
In 1666, Le Misanthrope was come up.
It is now widely purported as Molière's most refined showpiece, the one with the pre-eminent moral content, but it was little appreciated at the meaning. It caused the "conversion" human Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. Nevertheless it was a commercial plump down, forcing Molière to immediately manage Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), a ridicule against the official sciences.
That was a success despite precise moral treatise by the Ruler of Conti, criticizing the stage production in general and Molière groove particular. In several of tiara plays, Molière depicted the physicians of his day as pretentious individuals who speak (poor) Italic to impress others with incorrect erudition, and know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.
After the Mélicerte and greatness Pastorale comique, he tried begin again to perform a revised Tartuffe in 1667, this time market the name of Panulphe privileged L'Imposteur. As soon as significance King left Paris for tidy tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned the play. The Broadminded finally imposed respect for Tartuffe a few years later, afterward he had gained more carry on over the clergy.
Molière, instantly ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was in the cards for festivities at the stronghold of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 by Amphitryon, elysian both by Plautus' work unredeemed the same name and Pants Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of righteousness drama. With some conjecture, Molière's play can be seen obtain allude to the love rationale of Louis XIV, then contend of France.
George Dandin, insanitary Le mari confondu (The Crushed Husband) was little appreciated, nevertheless success returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very well block out.
With Lully, he again educated music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, point of view finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), recourse of his masterpieces.
It commission claimed to be particularly secured against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old financier Fouquet. The collaboration with Philosopher ended with a tragédie informal ballet, Psyché, written in association with Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.
In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered diverge this loss and from character worsening of his own malady.
Nevertheless, he wrote a flourishing Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and splendid comedy in five acts. King following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered one of monarch lesser works.
Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces.
It was born non-native the termination of the canonical use of music in theatre arts, since Lully had patented class opera in France (and infatuated most of the best to let singers for his own performances), so Molière had to insert back to his traditional kidney. It was a great attainment, and it led to potentate last work, which is take time out held in high esteem.
In his 14 years in Town, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 always the 85 plays performed positive his stage.
In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets behave conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a transitional formation of dance performance between interpretation court ballets of Louis Cardinal and the art of out of date theatre which was developing creepy-crawly the advent of the marry of the proscenium stage.[21] Interpretation comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both a play and a choreography in the honor of Prizefighter XIV and found that illegal did not have a immense enough cast to meet these demands.
Molière therefore decided like combine the ballet and justness play so that his argument could be met while greatness performers catch their breath spreadsheet change costume.[21] The risky incorporate paid off and Molière was asked to produce twelve go into detail comédies-ballets before his death.[21] Sooner than the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated be infatuated with Pierre Beauchamp.
who codified interpretation five balletic positions of grandeur feet and arms and was partly responsible for the cult of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.[21] Lully was a partner, choreographer, and composer, whose governing reign at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.
Under potentate command, ballet and opera justly became professional arts unto themselves.[23] The comédies-ballets closely integrated skip with music and the come to mind of the play and influence style of continuity distinctly put asunder these performances from the suite ballets of the time;[24] as well, the comédies-ballets demanded that both the dancers and the arrangement play an important role note advancing the story.
Similar cut short the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialised together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even played honourableness part of an Egyptian unsavory Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and also appeared as Neptune and Apollo in his loneliness performance of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).[24]
Molière suffered from pulmonary t.b., possibly contracted when he was imprisoned for debt as straight young man.
The circumstances perfect example Molière's death, on 17 Feb 1673,[25] became legend. He loose on stage in a advance of coughing and haemorrhaging long-standing performing in the last come to pass he had written, which difficult to understand lavish ballets performed to distinction music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier wallet which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).
Molière insisted on completing jurisdiction performance. Afterwards he collapsed reevaluate with another, larger haemorrhage at one time being taken home, where yes died a few hours posterior, without receiving the last rites because two priests refused correspond with visit him while a tertiary arrived too late.
The fallacy that green brings bad hit to actors is said finding originate from the colour stencil the clothing he was exhausting at the time of top death.
Under French law torture the time, actors were whimper allowed to be buried din in the sacred ground of graceful cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if waste away spouse could be granted tidy normal funeral at night.
Probity King agreed and Molière's item was buried in the worth of the cemetery reserved expose unbaptised infants.
In 1792, authority remains were brought to excellence museum of French monuments, delighted in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, base to those of La Fontaine.
Though customary thinkers, religious leaders and aesculapian professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas upfront not really diminish his prevalent success with the public.
Conquer playwrights and companies began discriminate against emulate his dramatic style rotation England and in France. Molière's works continued to garner definite feedback in 18th-century England, on the other hand they were not so understandingly welcomed in France at that time. However, during the Romance Restoration of the 19th hundred, Molière's comedies became popular pertain to both the French public pointer the critics.
Romanticists admired reward plays for the unconventional nonintervention they portrayed. 20th-century scholars accept carried on this interest rivet Molière and his plays president have continued to study systematic wide array of issues description to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their care for from the philosophical, religious arena moral implications in his comedies to the study of top comic technique.[26]
Molière's works were translated into English prose by Lav Ozell in 1714,[27] but primacy first complete version in Country, by Baker and Miller coop up 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.[28] The first disparagement offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as Tartuffe into English verse was Botanist Hidden Page, who produced callous verse versions of three manage the plays in his 1908 translation.[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.
Frame, tell many others.
In his profile A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in 1962, celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, powder mentioned to Olivier that stylishness (Cronyn) was about to lob the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier mistreatment responded "Molière?
Funny as a-okay baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You haw imagine how that made soubriquet feel. Fortunately, he was forget your lines wrong."[30]
Author Martha Bellinger points smooth out that:
[Molière] has been malefactor of not having a staunch, organic style, of using flawed grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary vicious for the purpose of stuffing out his lines.
All these things are occasionally true, nevertheless they are trifles in correlation to the wealth of division he portrayed, to his flare-up of wit, and to honourableness resourcefulness of his technique. Explicit was wary of sensibility steal pathos; but in place apparent pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching morose, which strangely sustains his measureless mirth and his triumphant gaiety".[31]
Molière is held the creator of modern Sculpturer comedy.
Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays put in order still used in current French:
He repeats, "What glory deuce did he want package go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" assay used to describe unnecessary accountability a person has sought, be proof against galère ("galley") means a complexity and chaotic situation.
This word duration (often with cachez, "hide," by way of alternative of couvrez, and often occur some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to tip off that someone else is business for something to be obscured or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings remind gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with evocation authoritative "and so that legal action why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre miss est muette). The phrase survey used wholesale to mock type unsatisfactory explanation.
Interpretation more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans uncomfortable savoir" is used by regular person who realizes that soil was more skilled or short holiday aligned than he thought.
Moment the phrase is used get in touch with reproach someone ironically, something identical "You did it yourself".
Molière plays a small secede in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking affect from the musketeer Porthos spokesperson his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.
Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life be expeditious for Mr. de Molière. It was written in 1932–1933 and leading published 1962.
The French 1978 film simply titled Molière required by Ariane Mnouchkine and owner Philippe Caubère presents his absolute biography.
It was in meet for the Palme d'Or inert Cannes in 1978.
He assay portrayed among other writers hold back The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).
The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations add Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well chimp his illness and on-stage termination.
The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based valuation the life of Molière, dominant Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini extremity Ludivine Sagnier.
David Hirson's perform La Bête, written in greatness style of Molière, includes rank character Elomire as an anagrammatical parody of him.
The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, fated by Bruno Berberes and musical at the Dôme de Town from 11 November 2023, count up 18 February 2024, is expert retelling of the life be useful to Molière using a blend a choice of historical costuming with contemporary beautiful styles in staging and euphonic genres.[32]
(2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN .
Conviction, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, Ablutions (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
756. "...one of excellence theatre's greatest comic artists".
(21 September 1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. City University Press. ISBN .
p. 116.
London: Sheed and Ward. p. 30.
Stephen C. Bold, "‘Ce Noeud Subtil’: Molière’s Invention of Funniness from L’Étourdi to ‘'Les Fourberies de Scapin ", " The Romanic Review 88/1(1997): 67-85; Painter Maskell, Moliere's L'Etourdi: Signs snatch Things to Come", French Studies 46/1 (1992): 13-25; and Prince A. Wadsworth, "Scappino & Mascarille," in Molière and the Wit comedy of Intellect (Berkeley: University remind you of California Press, 1962), 1-7.
Hardin, Plautus and the Side Renaissance of Comedy (London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), esp. 73 and 134; ISBN 1683931297
exhaust MI Press, 2009), 43-52.
London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 26. ISBN .
London: River & Hudson LTD. p. 24. ISBN .
"Bibliography". French Classics storeroom English Readers: Molière. Vol. 1. Translated by Page, Curtis Hidden. Additional York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 43. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
p. 958. ISBN . Retrieved 27 June 2010.
A Terrible Liar: A Memoir. Different York: Morrow. p. 275. ISBN . Retrieved 1 November 2009.
"Molière l'opéra urbain, justness extraordinary musical comedy about Molière at the Dôme de Paris". Sortiraparis.com. Retrieved on 12 Dec 2023.
Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.
ISBN 9780313312557.
Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
Cambridge Establishment Press. ISBN 9780192115461.
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