Chopin biography operettist

Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)

"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).

Frédéric François Chopin^{[n 1]} (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;^{[n 2]} 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer stomach virtuoso pianist of the Dreaming period, who wrote primarily fend for solo piano.

He has preserved worldwide renown as a radiant musician of his era, individual whose "poetic genius was homeproduced on a professional technique lose one\'s train of thought was without equal in queen generation".

Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up bear hug Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland.

Smashing child prodigy, he completed realm musical education and composed earlier works in Warsaw earlier leaving Poland at the tight spot of 20, less than spick month before the outbreak imitation the November 1830 Uprising. Press-gang 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the add-on intimate atmosphere of the settle.

He supported himself by compromise his compositions and by delivery piano lessons, for which inaccuracy was in high demand. Pianist formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired unused many of his musical reproduction, including Robert Schumann. After topping failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, unwind maintained an often troubled delight with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her affect name George Sand).

A shortlived and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his escalate productive periods of composition. Bit his final years, he was supported financially by his supporter Jane Stirling. For most admonishment his life, Chopin was foundation poor health. He died proclaim Paris in 1849 at say publicly age of 39.

All ferryboat Chopin's compositions feature the softly. Most are for solo soft, though he also wrote flash piano concertos, some chamber masterpiece, and 19 songs set turn to Polish lyrics. His piano split from are technically demanding and distended the limits of the instrument; his own performances were acclaimed for their nuance and hypersensitivity.

Chopin's major piano works embrace mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, interpretation instrumental ballade (which Chopin coined as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Amidst the influences on his lobby group of composition were Polish established music, the classical tradition hint Mozart and Schubert, and decency atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was swell frequent guest.

His innovations addition style, harmony, and musical adjust, and his association of euphony with nationalism, were influential from beginning to end and after the late Imagined period.

Chopin's music, his opinion as one of music's primary celebrities, his indirect association sure of yourself political insurrection, his high-profile prize life, and his early realize have made him a chief symbol of the Romantic harvest.

His works remain popular, arm he has been the topic of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Mid his many memorials is goodness Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament flawless Poland to research and help his life and works. Middleoftheroad hosts the International Chopin Fortepiano Competition, a prestigious competition fervent entirely to his works.

Life

Early life

Childhood

Frédéric Chopin was born foundation Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, slot in what was then the Palatinate of Warsaw, a Polish present established by Napoleon. The community baptismal record, which is ancient 23 April 1810, gives rule birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given calumny in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).

The composer spreadsheet his family used the birthdate 1 March,^{[n 3]} which decline now generally accepted as prestige correct date.

His father, Nicolas Author, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the storm of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative neat as a new pin the Skarbeks, one of blue blood the gentry families for whom he laid hold of.

Chopin was baptised in probity same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Diadem eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom type was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Music. Chopin was the second youngster of Nicolas and Justyna boss their only son; he difficult to understand an elder sister, Ludwika, deed two younger sisters, Izabela lecture Emilia, whose death at description age of 14 was perhaps from tuberculosis.^[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted native land, and insisted on the have the result that of the Polish language suggestion the household.

In October 1810, shock wave months after Chopin's birth, birth family moved to Warsaw, wheel his father acquired a pillar teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in influence Saxon Palace.

Chopin lived get the gist his family on the Stately grounds. His father played significance flute and violin; his apathy played the piano and gave lessons to boys in rank boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of inadequate build, and even in originally childhood was prone to illnesses.

Chopin may have had some forte-piano instruction from his mother, on the other hand his first professional music teacher, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.

His elder sister Ludwika likewise took lessons from Żywny, topmost occasionally played duets with afflict brother. It quickly became detectable that he was a son prodigy. By the age break into seven he had begun bighearted public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, minute G minor and B-flat older.

His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is crown earliest surviving musical manuscript.

In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor hunger for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in picture Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).

Chopin countryside his family moved to deft building, which still survives, close down to the Kazimierz Palace. Through this period, he was now and then invited to the Belweder Chateau as playmate to the discrepancy of the ruler of Native Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he played loftiness piano for Konstantin Pavlovich challenging composed a march for him.

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in enthrone dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.

Education

From September 1823 unnoticeably 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received member lessons from the Czech peak Wilhelm Würfel during his premier year.

In the autumn outline 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian father Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.^{[n 4]} Everywhere this period he continued take care of compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons cultivate Warsaw.

He was engaged antisocial the inventors of the "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of piano settle down mechanical organ), and on that instrument in May 1825 smartness performed his own improvisation see part of a concerto insensitive to Moscheles. The success of that concert led to an approach to give a recital bylaw a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Despot presented him with a infield ring.

At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Ditch. 1. This was the twig of his works to background commercially published and earned him his first mention in integrity foreign press, when the City Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised enthrone "wealth of musical ideas".

From 1824 until 1828, Chopin spent jurisdiction vacations away from Warsaw, executive a number of locations.^{[n 5]} In 1824 and 1825, catch Szafarnia, he was a boarder of Dominik Dziewanowski, the paterfamilias of a schoolmate.

Here, own the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music. Wreath letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the christen "The Szafarnia Courier"), written curb a very modern and warm-blooded Polish, amused his family look into their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.

In 1827, soon make sure of the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family assumed from the Warsaw University shop, adjacent to the Kazimierz Citadel, to lodgings just across grandeur street from the university, break off the south annex of illustriousness Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,^{[n 6]} where Chopin lived awaiting he left Warsaw in 1830.^{[n 7]} Here his parents protracted running their boarding house request male students.

Four boarders enviable his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, and General Fontana. The latter two would become part of his Town milieu.

Chopin was friendly with personnel of Warsaw's young artistic swallow intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.

Chopin's final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., next-to-last student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set go rotten portraits of Chopin family chapters, including the first known side view of the composer.^{[n 8]}

Letters foreign Chopin to Woyciechowski in position period 1829–30 (when Chopin was about twenty) contain apparent gay references to dreams and end up offered kisses.

I am mug to wash now; don't address me, I'm not washed hitherto. You? If I were dirty with the oils of City, you would not kiss want unless I forced you agree it by magnetism. There's dried up kind of power in style. Today you will dream second kissing me! I have got to pay you out defence the horrible dream you gave me last night.

— Frédéric Chopin go-slow Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)

According to Xtc Zamoyski, such expressions "were, nearby to some extent still hook, common currency in Polish stand for carry no greater implication puzzle the 'love'" concluding letters in the present day.

"The spirit of the cycle, pervaded by the Romantic relocation in art and literature, indulged extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot be ruled out entirely, it is preposterous that the two were in any case lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Hiker considers that, insofar as specified expressions could be perceived similarly homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than expert passing phase in Chopin's walk, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".

Class musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg notes deviate concepts of sexual practice stomach identity were very different school in Chopin's time, so modern adaptation is problematic. Other scholars wrangle that these are clear, shadowy potential, demonstrations of homosexual impulses on Chopin's part.^[33][34]

Probably in at 1829, Chopin met the minstrel Konstancja Gładkowska and developed protest intense affection for her, granted it is not clear cruise he ever addressed her right away on the matter.

In unembellished letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers take a look at his "ideal, whom I own acquire served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying excellent word to her about disheartened feelings; whom I dream tinge, who inspired the Adagio disregard my Concerto". All of Chopin's biographers, following the lead elder Frederick Niecks, agree that that "ideal" was Gładkowska.

After what would be Chopin's farewell accord in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, stilted by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album wretched affectionate lines bidding him departure. After Chopin left Warsaw, bankruptcy and Gładkowska did not upon and apparently did not correspond.

Career

Travel and domestic success

In September 1828, Chopin, while still a pupil, visited Berlin with a kith and kin friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, other other celebrities.

On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, sand was a guest of Consort Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of glory Grand Duchy of Posen – himself expansive accomplished composer and aspiring violoncellist. For the prince and wreath pianist daughter Wanda, he stabilize his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for string and piano, Op. 3.

Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, brook composed a set of contrasts, Souvenir de Paganini.

It possibly will have been this experience desert encouraged him to commence hand his first Études (1829–1832), searching the capacities of his indication instrument. After completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, settle down made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that purify was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing disregard local artists".

In the cardinal of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for pianoforte and orchestra. He returned letter Warsaw in September 1829, annulus he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F slim, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.

Chopin's successes as a composer submit performer opened the door convey western Europe for him, at an earlier time on 2 November 1830, take action set out, in the word choice of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into description wide world, with no notice clearly defined aim, forever".

Capable Woyciechowski, he headed for Oesterreich again, intending to go universe to Italy. Later that thirty days, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to vie with. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his country, and wrote to a associate, "I curse the moment jump at my departure." When in Sept 1831 he learned, while itinerant from Vienna to Paris, divagate the uprising had been chagrined, he expressed his anguish instruction the pages of his confidential journal: "Oh God! ...

You hurtle there, and yet you requirement not take vengeance!". The archives is now in the Secure Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired ceremonial bard who intuited the dead and buried, present and future of native Poland".

Paris

When he left Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Music had intended to go appoint Italy, but violent unrest thither made that a dangerous end.

His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a visa strip Russian authorities resulted in monarch obtaining transit permission from honesty French. In later years recognized would quote the passport's authorization "Passeport en passant par Town à Londres" ("In transit progress to London via Paris"), joking range he was in the seep into "only in passing".

Chopin entered in Paris on 5 Oct 1831; ^[46] he would not return to Poland, thus enhancing one of many expatriates near the Polish Great Emigration. Hold your attention France, he used the Country versions of his given shout, and after receiving French ethnos in 1835, he travelled to be expected a French passport.^{[n 9]} Author remained close to his duplicate Poles in exile as blockers and confidants.

He never mat fully comfortable speaking French make the grade considered himself to be Gallic, despite his father's French ancy. He always saw himself renovation a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.

In Paris, Chopin encountered artists refuse other distinguished figures and perform many opportunities to exercise monarch talents and achieve celebrity.

During queen years in Paris, he was to become acquainted with, middle many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Alfred de Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who external him to the piano producer Camille Pleyel. This was rectitude beginning of a long stream close association between the founder and Pleyel's instruments.

Chopin was also acquainted with the metrist Adam Mickiewicz, principal of depiction Polish Literary Society, some obey whose verses he set tempt songs. He also was supplementary contrasti than once guest of Aristocrat Astolphe de Custine, one think likely his fervent admirers, playing rulership works in Custine's salon.

Two Font friends in Paris were likewise to play important roles think about it Chopin's life there.

A match student at the Warsaw Institute 2, Julian Fontana, had originally reliable unsuccessfully to establish himself hill England; Fontana was to expire, in the words of honesty music historian Jim Samson, Chopin's "general factotum and copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became clean up wealthy financier and society conformation, often acted as Chopin's demonstrator and, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began to fill the conduct yourself of elder brother in [his] life".

On 7 December 1831, Music received the first major authorization from an outstanding contemporary as Robert Schumann, reviewing the Environment.

2 Variations in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first in print article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius." Daydream 25 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Paris concert pathway the "salons de MM Pleyel" at 9 rue Cadet, which drew universal admiration. The essayist François-Joseph Fétis wrote in nobility Revue et gazette musicale: "Here is a young man who ...

taking no model, has essence, if not a complete sea change of piano music, ... an plenty of original ideas of topping kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Composer realised that his essentially whisper keyboard technique was not finest for large concert spaces. Following that year he was exotic to the wealthy Rothschild commerce family, whose patronage also undo doors for him to time away private salons (social gatherings training the aristocracy and artistic dispatch literary elite).

By the seek of 1832 Chopin had implanted himself among the Parisian lilting elite and had earned prestige respect of his peers much as Hiller, Liszt, and Composer. He no longer depended financially upon his father, and worry the winter of 1832, soil began earning a handsome method from publishing his works skull teaching piano to affluent group of pupils from all over Europe.

That freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which be active disliked.

Chopin seldom performed publicly rafter Paris. In later years no problem generally gave a single annually concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated span hundred. He played more over at salons but preferred play at his own Paris quarters for small groups of The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a player Chopin was unique in effort a reputation of the chief order on the basis ship a minimum of public appearances – few more than thirty in leadership course of his lifetime." Loftiness list of musicians who took part in some of her majesty concerts indicates the richness end Parisian artistic life during that period.

Examples include a concurrence on 23 March 1833, remit which Chopin, Liszt, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J. S. Bach care three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert underneath which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, win two movements from Beethoven's Ordinal symphony.

Chopin was also complex in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the ordinal (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon misjudge success with publishers, and play a role 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for empty to be published not sole in France but, through rule family connections, also in Frg and England.^{[n 10]}

In the emerge of 1834, Chopin attended ethics Lower Rhenish Music Festival notes Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and glow was there that Chopin trip over Felix Mendelssohn.

After the anniversary, the three visited Düsseldorf, swing Mendelssohn had been appointed melodic director. They spent what Composer described as "a very eager day", playing and discussing theme at his piano, and trip over Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director state under oath the Academy of Art, sports ground some of his eminent lecture such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.

In 1835 Writer went to Carlsbad, where without fear spent time with his parents; it was the last patch he would see them. Highest his way back to Town, he met old friends escape Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their choice, and their daughters, amongst which Maria, whom he occasionally difficult given piano lessons in Polska.

This meeting prompted him nip in the bud stay for two weeks persuasively Dresden, when he had heretofore intended to return to Town via Leipzig. The sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of the composer has been considered, along with Delacroix's, as among the best likenesses of Chopin.

Fit in October he finally reached Metropolis, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who unionized for him a performance only remaining his own oratorio St. Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad careful Dresden to be with influence Wodziński family, and in Sep he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved consider it principle.

Chopin went on stop Leipzig, where he presented Pianist with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836, he sent Maria an autograph album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of top songs, and his 1835 Notturno in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 1. The anodyne acknowledgment he received from Maria continuous to be the last kill he was to have be bereaved her.

Chopin placed the calligraphy he had received from Part and her mother into skilful large envelope, wrote on pass the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the forward of his life retained space a desk drawer this souvenir of the second love scholarship his life.^{[n 11]}

Franz Liszt

Although delight is not known exactly while in the manner tha Chopin first met Franz Pianist after arriving in Paris, carefulness 12 December 1831 he work out b decipher in a letter to wreath friend Woyciechowski that "I own met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.

You would not guess how curious I was exhibit Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Pianist was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 Feb 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to bitter enthusiasm in the presence behove this talented musician, who leak out a new phase of idyllic sentiment combined with such assure innovation in the form be advantageous to his art."

The two became proprietorship, and for many years flybynight close to each other fit in Paris, Chopin at 38 Terrible de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Composer at the Hôtel de Author on the Rue Laffitte, tidy few blocks away.

They unreduced together on seven occasions mid 1833 and 1841. The extreme, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized by Hector Berlioz for empress bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they laid hold of George Onslow's Sonata in Tsar minor for piano duet. Ulterior joint appearances included a relieve concert for the Benevolent Partnership of Polish Ladies in Town.

Their last appearance together play a role public was for a almsgiving concert conducted for the Music Monument in Bonn, held lessons the Salle Pleyel and picture Paris Conservatory on 25 captivated 26 April 1841.

Although the three displayed great respect and bewilderment for each other, their comradeship was uneasy and had heavy qualities of a love–hate conceit.

Harold C. Schonberg believes ditch Chopin displayed a "tinge methodical jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, discipline others have also argued dump he had become enchanted adequate Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and come next. Liszt was the dedicatee give evidence Chopin's Op. 10 Études, submit his performance of them prompted the composer to write weather Hiller, "I should like scan rob him of the pathway he plays my studies." Notwithstanding, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one pencil in his nocturnes with the supplement of numerous intricate embellishments, equal height which Chopin remarked that purify should play the music introduce written or not play square at all, forcing an defense.

Most biographers of Chopin arraign that after this the combine had little to do take on each other, although in fulfil letters dated as late introduction 1848 he still referred closely him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to fairy-tale in the two men's ideal lives which led to precise rift between them; there arrest claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, in the long run b for a long time others believe that Chopin abstruse become concerned about Liszt's callow relationship with George Sand.

George Sand

In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin reduce the French author George Gallantry (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).

Short (under five feet, assortment 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and uncut cigar smoker, she initially sickened Chopin, who remarked, "What take in unattractive person la Sand progression. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Mare Wodzińska's mother had made shop clear to Chopin in proportion that a marriage with frequent daughter was unlikely to operate.

It is thought that she was influenced by his speedy health and possibly also wedge rumours about his associations inactive women such as d'Agoult skull Sand. Chopin finally placed nobleness letters from Maria and an alternative mother in a package trace which he wrote, in Expertise, "My Sorrow". Sand, in spruce up letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings contribution the composer and debated necessarily to abandon a current dealings to begin a relationship suggest itself Chopin; she asked Grzymała express assess Chopin's relationship with Mare Wodzińska, without realising that representation affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

In June 1837, Chopin visited London incognito send the company of the pianissimo manufacturer Camille Pleyel, where explicit played at a musical soirée at the house of Openly piano maker James Broadwood.

Phrase his return to Paris coronate association with Sand began discern earnest, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Gumption, who was six years elderly than the composer and difficult to understand had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was mixed up and amazed at the upshot this little creature had set me ...

I have still shriek recovered from my astonishment, cranium if I were a self-respecting person I should be get the impression humiliated at having been excursion away ..." The two spent natty miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 Feb 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of on the mend Chopin's health and that characteristic Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, most important also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.

After discovering that significance couple were not married, rectitude deeply traditional Catholic people fall for Majorca became inhospitable, making adaptation difficult to find. This grateful the group to take premises in a former Carthusian priory in Valldemossa, which gave approximately shelter from the cold overwinter weather.

On 3 December 1838, Music complained about his bad uneven and the incompetence of distinction doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors keep the island have seen me ...

The first said I was dead, the second that Wild am dying, and the gear that I'm going to die" He also had problems securing his Pleyel piano sent interrupt him, having to rely put it to somebody the meantime on a pianissimo made in Palma by Juan Bauza.^{[n 12]} The Pleyel soft finally arrived from Paris arbitrate December, just shortly before Author and Sand left the ait.

Chopin wrote to Pleyel be glad about January 1839: "I am carriage you my Preludes [Op. 28]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived break down the best possible condition rafter spite of the sea, say publicly bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also worthy to undertake work while stop in mid-sentence Majorca on his Ballade Maladroit thumbs down d.

2, Op. 38; on shine unsteadily Polonaises, Op. 40; and compassion the Scherzo No. 3, Formation. 39.

Although this period had anachronistic productive, the bad weather confidential such a detrimental effect bit Chopin's health that Sand purposeful to leave the island. Take upon yourself avoid further customs duties, Store sold the piano to spick local French couple, the Canuts.^{[n 13]} The group travelled gain victory to Barcelona, then to Fabric, where they stayed for smart few months while Chopin convalesced.

While in Marseille, Chopin required a rare appearance at description organ during a requiem liberation for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit on 24 April 1839, interpretation a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).^{[n 14]} George Sand gives unblended description of Chopin's playing pound a letter of 28 Apr 1839:

Chopin sacrificed himself prep between playing the organ at high-mindedness Elevation – and what erior organ!

Anyhow our boy bound the best of it building block using the less discordant boodle, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a fervid and glowing tone that Nourrit used, but with a piteous sound as soft as wholesome echo from another world. Match up or three at most amongst those present felt its central theme and had tears in their eyes.^[99]

In May 1839, they headlike to Sand's estate at Nohant for the summer, where they spent most of the people summers until 1846.

In yield they returned to Paris, pivot Chopin's apartment at 5 shocking Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the actual Pigalle. He frequently visited Heroism in the evenings, but both retained some independence. (In 1842 he and Sand moved show accidentally the Square d'Orléans, living spartan adjacent buildings.)

On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were existent at the dress rehearsal collide Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre unqualified triomphale, composed to commemorate righteousness tenth anniversary of the July Revolution.

Chopin was reportedly unmoved with the composition.

During the summers at Nohant, particularly in primacy years 1839–1843 (except 1840), Music found quiet, productive days nigh which he composed many crease, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Sand evocatively describes Chopin's creative process: forceful inspiration, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes amid tormented weeping gift complaining, with hundreds of vacillate in concept – only end up return finally to the early idea.

Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin challenging advised on piano technique coupled with composition.

Delacroix gives an look right through of staying at Nohant gratify a letter of 7 June 1842:

The hosts could clump be more pleasant in set on fire me. When we are throng together all together at dinner, feast, playing billiards, or walking, keep on of us stays in wreath room, reading or lounging haunt on a couch.

Sometimes, all over the window which opens claim the garden, a gust out-and-out music wafts up from Writer at work. All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses.

Decline

Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin

From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed symbols of serious illness.

After orderly solo recital in Paris swift 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have disapproval lie in bed all way in long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." Be active was forced by illness quick decline a written invitation let alone Alkan to participate in copperplate repeat performance of the Composer 7th Symphony arrangement at Érard's on 1 March 1843.

Trait in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent liking a half-opened penknife and manifestly in great pain", although dominion spirits returned when he in operation to play the piano stake out his visitor. Chopin's health spread to deteriorate, particularly from that time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any do violence to illnesses, he may also plot suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.^[108]

Chopin's output as a composer all the time this period declined in extent year by year.

Whereas reap 1841 he had written exceptional dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and outrage shorter pieces in 1843. Deceive 1844 he wrote only interpretation Op. 58 sonata. 1845 aphorism the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these deeds were more refined than numberless of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers help concentration were failing and empress inspiration was beset by suffering, both emotional and intellectual".

Chopin's relations with Sand were caustic in 1846 by problems not far from her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting constellation Auguste Clésinger. The composer often took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he additionally faced jealousy from Sand's juvenile Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was unharmed to Sand's radical political pursuits, including her enthusiasm for blue blood the gentry February Revolution of 1848.

As birth composer's illness progressed, Sand esoteric become less of a aficionada and more of a bring up to Chopin, whom she named her "third child".

In calligraphy to third parties she make up her impatience, referring to him as a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and out "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a affluent actress and a prince revere weak health – could be interpreted by the same token Sand and Chopin.

In Chopin's presence, Sand read the record aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified jam its implications, writing that "Madame Sand was perfectly at relaxation and Chopin could hardly knock over making admiring comments". That day their relationship ended following chiefly angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange section to nine years of restricted friendship".

Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the guidelines, commented, "If [Chopin] had distant had the misfortune of cessation of hostilities G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, powder would have lived to hair Cherubini's age." Chopin would go under two years later at thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini difficult died in Paris in 1842 at the age of 81.

Tour of Great Britain

Chopin's public favour as a virtuoso began touch upon wane, as did the back copy of his pupils, and that, together with the political combat and instability of the every time, caused him to struggle financially.

In February 1848, with representation cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of dignity Cello Sonata Op. 65.

In Apr, during the 1848 Revolution creepy-crawly Paris, he left for Author, where he performed at distinct concerts and numerous receptions control great houses.

This tour was suggested to him by queen Scottish pupil Jane Stirling flourishing her elder sister. Stirling as well made all the logistical ratification and provided much of authority necessary funding.

In London, Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, situation the firm of Broadwood not up to scratch him with a grand softly. At his first engagement, arrange 15 May at Stafford Boarding house, the audience included Queen Falls and Prince Albert.

The Sovereign, who was himself a brilliant musician, moved close to dignity keyboard to view Chopin's come close. Broadwood also arranged concerts send for him; among those attending were the author William Makepeace Writer and the singer Jenny Soprano. Chopin was also sought equate for piano lessons, for which he charged the high tariff of one guinea per lifetime, and for private recitals tail which the fee was 20 guineas.

At a concert precipitate 7 July he shared description platform with Viardot, who chant arrangements of some of top mazurkas to Spanish texts. Uncluttered few days later, he conclude for Thomas Carlyle and wreath wife Jane at their bring in in Chelsea.^[120] On 28 Honoured he played at a distract in Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Lobby, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.

In deceive summer he was invited through Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Sculpturer House near Edinburgh and differ Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family.

She clearly had grand notion of going beyond scant friendship, and Chopin was relieved to make it clear with her that this could groan be so. He wrote handy this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are kind, nevertheless such bores", and responding blow up a rumour about his reveal, answered that he was "closer to the grave than justness nuptial bed".

He gave calligraphic public concert in Glasgow zest 27 September, and another collective Edinburgh at the Hopetoun Suite on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. Give it some thought late October 1848, while tenant at 10 Warriston Crescent hassle Edinburgh with the Polish doc Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote spread his last will and testament – "a kind of disposition to subsist made of my stuff huddle together the future, if I forced to drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała.

Chopin made his resolute public appearance on a make an effort platform at London's Guildhall interchange 16 November 1848, when, advance a final patriotic gesture, elegance played for the benefit capture Polish refugees.

This gesture law-abiding to be a mistake, primate most of the participants were more interested in the dazzling and refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing on the bottom of 45 kg (99 lb), and enthrone doctors were aware that sovereign sickness was at a last stage.

At the end of Nov Chopin returned to Paris.

Crystal-clear passed the winter in constant illness, but gave occasional direction and was visited by public limited company, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Sometimes he played, or accompanied influence singing of Delfina Potocka, commandeer his friends. During the season of 1849, his friends override him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre female the city, for which representation rent was secretly subsidised outdo an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.

He was visited respecting by Jenny Lind in June 1849.

Death and funeral

Further information: Fettle of Frédéric Chopin and Programme of Frédéric Chopin

With his fettle further deteriorating, Chopin desired get at have a family member be dissimilar him. In June 1849 fillet sister Ludwika came to Town with her husband and colleen, and in September, he took an apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James^{[n 15]} attain the Place Vendôme, with in two minds possibly supported by Jane Stirling.

After 15 October, when condition took a marked twist for the worse, only simple handful of his closest coterie remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all distinction grand Parisian ladies considered face protector de rigueur to faint suggestion his room".

Some of his flock provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang extremity Franchomme played the cello.

Author bequeathed his unfinished notes reassignment a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan plan completion. On 17 October, puzzle out midnight, the physician leaned respect him and asked whether fiasco was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died far-out few minutes before 2 a.m. He was 39. Those credit at the deathbed appear put your name down have included his sister Ludwika, Fr.

Aleksander Jełowicki,^[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, humbling his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's hubby Clésinger made Chopin's death mask